腺垂体功能减退症123例临床分析

目的 提高对腺垂体功能减退症的认识。方法 对安徽医科大学第二附属医院内分泌科2015年8月至2020年9月收治的123例腺垂体功能减退症病人的资料进行回顾性分析。结果 男47例（38.2%）,女76例（61.8%）,年龄范围16～83岁。颅内占位或术后49例（39.9%）,希恩综合征39例（31.7%）,空泡蝶鞍综合征15例（12.2%）,下丘脑-垂体发育不良9例（7.3%）,病因不明11例（8.9%）。以消化道症状就诊47例（38.2%,为首要就诊症状）,垂体危象23例（18.7%）。性腺轴受损104例（86.7%,为最主要受损腺体）,3个腺体（性腺轴、甲状腺轴、肾上腺轴）均受损61例（55.5%）。低钠血症60例（52.2%）,血脂异常87例（75%）,低血糖21例（18.8%）,贫血47例（40.9%）。结论 腺垂体功能减退症临床表现多样,应提高对该病的认识,避免误诊和漏诊,确诊后及时予以激素替代治疗。     

肠道菌群在骨质疏松症中的研究进展

一直以来,人们将肠道菌群称为一个“被遗忘的多细胞器官”。随着现代医学研究的不断发展,肠道菌群与骨质疏松症之间的相关性已经成为近年骨科领域的研究热点,加之广泛的临床和基础研究结果,已经证实肠道菌群的稳态对调控人体健康至关重要,其紊乱会引起及加重包括骨质疏松为代表的多种慢性疾患。笔者对近年来骨质疏松与肠道菌群相关研究文献进行综述,并重点探讨通过调节紊乱的肠道菌群,从而治疗骨质疏松的相关作用机制,以期为临床预防及治疗骨质疏松提供新思路。     

The many ways to mend your liver: A critical appraisal

In the latter half of the 20th century, our understanding of mammalian liver regeneration was shaped by the manner of compensatory hyperplasia occurring after a partial rat liver resection. This response involves almost all hepatocytes and thus is unlikely to be the outcome of the multiple cycling of a small stem cell population. It was most intense in the outer third of lobule, the location closest to the afferent arterial blood supply. With the advent of heritable genetic labelling techniques, usually applied to mice, hitherto unrecognized hepatocytes with clonogenic potential have been discovered, contributing to homoeostatic renewal and/or regenerative responses after tissue loss. This review combines observations from cell lineage tracing studies with other data to summarize the Four proposed anatomical locations for hepatocyte stem cells: the periportal zone, the pericentral zone, a randomized distribution and finally within the intrahepatic biliary tree. As in other endodermal‐derived tissues, it appears that there are both homoeostatic stem cells and regenerative stem cells, while some normally homoeostatic stem cells can become more active to boost regeneration.     

Subjective insomnia symptoms and sleep duration are not related to hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in older adults

Insomnia symptoms are highly prevalent in depressed older adults. This study investigates the association between hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity and symptoms of insomnia, respectively, sleep duration among 294 depressed and 123 non‐depressed older adults of the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older people (NESDO) study. Insomnia symptoms were defined as clinically relevant when having a score ≥ 10 points on the Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale (WHIIRS). Sleep duration was categorized in short (≤ 6 h per night), normal (7–8 h per night) and long (≥ 9 h per night) duration. Salivary cortisol levels were used to assess the following cortisol parameters for HPA axis activity: area under the curve with respect to the increase (AUCi) and to the ground (AUCg), diurnal slope, evening cortisol level and dexamethasone suppression ratio. Clinically relevant insomnia symptoms were present in 46% of the participants. Thirty‐two per cent of the participants were short sleepers, whereas 16% were long sleepers. However, univariate analyses showed no differences in any of the HPA axis parameters between people with and without insomnia symptoms or between the three groups with different sleep duration. In addition, no significant interaction was found between a diagnosis of depression or the severity of depressive symptoms and any of the cortisol parameters in relation to insomnia symptoms or sleep duration.     

运动训练激活中枢ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MAS轴延缓高血压进展

目的:观察运动训练对高血压前期的血压进展、血压调节以及中枢血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)-血管紧张素(Ang)(1-7)-MAS轴的影响,探讨运动训练延缓高血压进展的中枢机制。方法:5周龄雄性自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)和正常血压WKY大鼠各20只,随机分成安静组和运动训练组,每组10只。运动组大鼠进行20周中低强度跑台运动。采用尾套法测定大鼠尾动脉收缩压,药物法检测动脉压力反射敏感性(BRS)。Real-time PCR和Western blot分别检测压力反射中枢ACE2和MAS的mRNA和蛋白表达。侧脑室注射MAS受体激动剂Ang(1-7)及拮抗剂A779,检测注药前后的BRS变化。结果:始于高血压前期的运动训练可推迟高血压发生、延缓高血压进展,明显降低SHR和WKY大鼠血压(P0.05),并改善SHR血压调节功能,提高其BRS(P0.01);此处,运动训练可上调SHR压力反射中枢(孤束核、延髓头端腹外侧区和室旁核中)ACE2和MAS的mRNA和蛋白表达(P0.05);中枢给予A779抵消了运动对SHR BRS的改善作用(P0.01),相反,注射Ang(1-7)则增强安静组和运动组SHR的BRS(P0.05)。结论:运动训练延缓高血压前期进展到高血压的进程及改善血压调节作用可能与运动增强中枢ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MAS轴功能有关。     

The weight of fatherhood: identifying mechanisms to explain paternal perinatal weight gain

Men appear to gain weight during the transition to parenthood, and fathers are heavier than non-fathers. Paternal perinatal weight gain may set weight trajectories in midlife and have long-term health implications. Since men do not undergo the physical demands of pregnancy and breastfeeding, the specific mechanisms underlying weight gain in new fathers warrant investigation. This review aims to stimulate research on paternal perinatal weight gain by suggesting testable potential mechanisms that (1) show change across the transition to parenthood and (2) play a role in weight and body composition. We identify seven mechanisms, within three categories: behavioural mechanisms (sleep, physical activity, and diet), hormonal mechanisms (testosterone and cortisol), and psychological mechanisms (depression and stress). We also discuss direct effects of partner pregnancy influences (e.g., ‘couvade syndrome’) on men’s body weight. In presenting each mechanism, we discuss how it may be affected by the transition to parenthood, and then review its role in body composition and weight. Next, we describe bidirectional and interactive effects, discuss timing, and present three broad research questions to propel theoretical development.     

下腰痛患者下肢或下腹牵涉痛的发生机制

目的:利用荧光素逆行双标法和免疫组化法探讨下腰痛患者下肢或下腹部牵涉痛的发病机制。方法:将14只Wistar大鼠分两组。Ⅰ组中将荧光素碘化丙啶(PI)注入背肌,双苯甲亚胺(Bb)注入膀胱壁;Ⅱ组中将荧光素快蓝(Fb)注入背肌,维生素B2(NY)注入坐骨神经。此后在有双标细胞的切片上行免疫组化检查。结果:在腰部的后根神经节(DRG)中发现荧光素双标细胞;部分荧光素双标细胞含降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)。腰部的DRG细胞周围突有分支投射到背肌和膀胱及背肌和坐骨神经;部分有分支投射的细胞含CGRP。结论:由下腰痛引起的下肢或下腹部牵涉痛的发生机制可能与发生在DRG水平的轴突反射有关。     

Cervical zygapophyseal joints: geometrical parameters and relationship to cervical kinematics

The relationship was examined between the height and slope of the cervical zygapophyseal joints and the patterns of motion of the cervical vertebrae. The height and orientation of the C₃---C₇ superior articular processes were measured in lateral radiographs of 40 normal subjects. The C₄-C₆ facets were oriented at approximately 40° to the vertical, while the C₃ and C₇ facets were more steeply oriented. The heights of the superior articular processes were found to increase at progressively lower vertebral levels. Contrary to published views, the slope of the superior articular facets has no bearing on the pattern of motion of the cervical vertebrae. No relationship was found between slope of the facets and the location of the instantaneous axes of rotation of the cervical vertebrae. In contrast the height of the articular processes was perfectly related to the location of the axes of rotation. Articular height, but not slope, is a major determinant of the patterns of motions of the cervical vertebrae.

This study provides data necessary to confirm or deny the putative roles of the cervical zygapophyseal joints in determining motion of the cervical spine in the sagittal plane.     

Opioid control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis cyclically fails in menstrual migraine

To assess the biological correlates of the precipitation of migraine attacks in the perimenstrual period, plasma beta-endorphin (beta-EP) and cortisol responses to naloxone (8 mg iv) and corticotropin releasing hormone (100 micrograms iv) were evaluated in both the follicular phase and the premenstrual period in 7 patients suffering from menstrual migraine and in 7 healthy, asymptomatic control volunteers. In the controls, naloxone evoked a significant release of both beta-EP (F = 5.86, p less than 0.002) and cortisol (F = 4.43, p less than 0.008), independently of the menstrual cycle phase (F = 0.31 and 1.04, for beta-EP and cortisol, respectively). Menstrual migraine patients, on the other hand, showed a significant hormone response only in the follicular phase, not in the premenstrual period. Corticotropin releasing hormone significantly increased beta-EP and cortisol in both the controls and the menstrual migraine patients, independently of the menstrual cycle phase. In both the naloxone and corticotropin releasing hormone testings, the basal beta-EP levels measured in the premenstrual period were lower than those observed in the follicular phase (p less than 0.02). These data demonstrate a cyclical, premenstrual dysfunction of the hypothalamic control exerted by opioids on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Impairment of this fundamental adaptive mechanism (involved in stress responses and in pain control) could establish a causal relationship between menstrual-related migraine attacks and premenstrual opioid hyposensitivity.